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          How To Secure Nginx with Let's Encrypt on Ubuntu 16.04
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      <time title="创建时间：2017-02-04 12:47:00" itemprop="dateCreated datePublished" datetime="2017-02-04T12:47:00+08:00">2017-02-04</time>
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    <div class="post-body" itemprop="articleBody"><h1 id="缘起"><a href="#缘起" class="headerlink" title="缘起"></a>缘起</h1><p>想做个微信小程序，把娃们的网站，在微信里展现给老人看，而做微信小程序，要求网站是 https 的，我也舍不得买证书，于是就打算使用 <a href="https://letsencrypt.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Let’s Encrypt</a> 提供的免费证书。</p>
<a id="more"></a>
<h1 id="环境"><a href="#环境" class="headerlink" title="环境"></a>环境</h1><ul>
<li>Ubuntu 16.04.1 LTS</li>
<li>NGINX 1.10</li>
<li>kernel 4.9.4-040904-generic</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="步骤"><a href="#步骤" class="headerlink" title="步骤"></a>步骤</h1><h2 id="安装软件"><a href="#安装软件" class="headerlink" title="安装软件"></a>安装软件</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">apt-get -y install letsencrypt;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># letsencrypt 是 Let's Encrypt 官方软件</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># certbot 在 Ubuntu 16.04 上的名字</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="获取证书"><a href="#获取证书" class="headerlink" title="获取证书"></a>获取证书</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">letsencrypt certonly \</span><br><span class="line">	--webroot \</span><br><span class="line">		-w /opt/www/blog.xiaoyuer.cn \</span><br><span class="line">		-d blog.xiaoyuer.cn;</span><br><span class="line">letsencrypt certonly </span><br><span class="line">	--webroot \</span><br><span class="line">		-w /opt/www/blog.lukeyang.us \</span><br><span class="line">		-d blog.lukeyang.us;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 这里 blog.xiaoyuer.cn 和 blog.lukeyang.us 是娃的网站</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 其实支持在一条命令里用多个 -w 参数配合 -d 参数，</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 为什么没有这样做而是单独一条命令一个域名这么做呢，</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 主要是不想把所有证书放在一起......</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># </span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 获取证书过程中会弹出个窗口让输入邮件地址，</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 输入一个常用的即可</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="Generate-Strong-Diffie-Hellman-Group-optional"><a href="#Generate-Strong-Diffie-Hellman-Group-optional" class="headerlink" title="Generate Strong Diffie-Hellman Group(optional)"></a>Generate Strong Diffie-Hellman Group(optional)</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">openssl dhparam -out /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem 2048;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 密钥交换时使用更强的 2048 位密钥</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="配置-NGINX-的-ssl-参数（optional）"><a href="#配置-NGINX-的-ssl-参数（optional）" class="headerlink" title="配置 NGINX 的 ssl 参数（optional）"></a>配置 NGINX 的 ssl 参数（optional）</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cat &lt;&lt;EOF &gt;/etc/nginx/snippets/ssl-params.conf</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># from https://cipherli.st/</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># and https://raymii.org/s/tutorials/Strong_SSL_Security_On_nginx.html</span></span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ssl_protocols TLSv1 TLSv1.1 TLSv1.2;</span><br><span class="line">ssl_prefer_server_ciphers on;</span><br><span class="line">ssl_ciphers <span class="string">"EECDH+AESGCM:EDH+AESGCM:AES256+EECDH:AES256+EDH"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">ssl_ecdh_curve secp384r1;</span><br><span class="line">ssl_session_cache shared:SSL:10m;</span><br><span class="line">ssl_session_tickets off;</span><br><span class="line">ssl_stapling on;</span><br><span class="line">ssl_stapling_verify on;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#resolver 8.8.8.8 8.8.4.4 valid=300s;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#resolver_timeout 5s;</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Disable preloading HSTS for now.  You can use the commented out header line that includes</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># the "preload" directive if you understand the implications.</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">#add_header Strict-Transport-Security "max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains; preload";</span></span><br><span class="line">add_header Strict-Transport-Security <span class="string">"max-age=63072000; includeSubdomains"</span>;</span><br><span class="line">add_header X-Frame-Options DENY;</span><br><span class="line">add_header X-Content-Type-Options nosniff;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">ssl_dhparam /etc/ssl/certs/dhparam.pem;</span><br><span class="line">EOF</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 如果没有做上一步，最后 ssl_dhparam 那句请注释掉</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="NGINX-的虚拟机配置"><a href="#NGINX-的虚拟机配置" class="headerlink" title="NGINX 的虚拟机配置"></a>NGINX 的虚拟机配置</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">vim /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/blog.xiaoyuer.cn;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>在 <em>server {}</em> 配置块中添加如下内容：</p>
<figure class="highlight nginx"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="attribute">listen</span> <span class="number">443</span> ssl http2 default_server;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="attribute">include</span> snippets/ssl-params.conf;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="attribute">ssl_certificate</span> /etc/letsencrypt/live/blog.xiaoyuer.cn/fullchain.pem;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="attribute">ssl_certificate_key</span> /etc/letsencrypt/live/blog.xiaoyuer.cn/privkey.pem;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attribute">location</span> <span class="regexp">~ /.well-known</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="attribute">allow</span> all;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>同样的，</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">vim /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/blog.lukeyang.us;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>在 <em>server {}</em> 配置块中添加如下内容：</p>
<figure class="highlight nginx"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="attribute">listen</span> <span class="number">443</span> ssl http2;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="attribute">include</span> snippets/ssl-params.conf;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="attribute">ssl_certificate</span> /etc/letsencrypt/live/blog.lukeyang.us/fullchain.pem;</span><br><span class="line"><span class="attribute">ssl_certificate_key</span> /etc/letsencrypt/live/blog.lukeyang.us/privkey.pem;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line"><span class="attribute">location</span> <span class="regexp">~ /.well-known</span> &#123;</span><br><span class="line">	<span class="attribute">allow</span> all;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p><strong>注意</strong>：</p>
<p>这个配置里的 <strong>listen 443 ssl httpd2</strong> 一行并没有 <strong>default_server</strong> 字样，那是一个端口因为只能有一个 <strong>default_server</strong>，前面那个虚机已经在 443 端口上指定了 <strong>default_server</strong>，所以这里不能重复指定了</p>
<h2 id="重启-NGINX-服务"><a href="#重启-NGINX-服务" class="headerlink" title="重启 NGINX 服务"></a>重启 NGINX 服务</h2><figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">systemctl restart nginx.service;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="配置自动更新证书"><a href="#配置自动更新证书" class="headerlink" title="配置自动更新证书"></a>配置自动更新证书</h2><p>由于 Let’s Encrypt 的证书会在三个月后过期，但是官方工具提供了自动更新的功能，我们只需要用 cron 定时调用即可。</p>
<figure class="highlight bash"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">cat &lt;&lt;EOF &gt;/etc/cron.d/renew_ssl</span><br><span class="line">25 3 * * 3 root	/usr/bin/letsencrypt renew&gt;/var/<span class="built_in">log</span>/le-renew.log<span class="string">"</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">35 3 * * 3 root	/bin/systemctl reload nginx</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="string">EOF</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>这里的逻辑是每周（三）检查一次是否需要更新证书，如果需要，则自动更新证书。检查完，再做一次 nginx 的 reload 操作，重新载入新证书（如果有的话）。</p>
<h1 id="参考"><a href="#参考" class="headerlink" title="参考"></a>参考</h1><ul>
<li><a href="https://www.digitalocean.com/community/tutorials/how-to-secure-nginx-with-let-s-encrypt-on-ubuntu-16-04" target="_blank" rel="noopener">How To Secure Nginx with Let’s Encrypt on Ubuntu 16.04</a></li>
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